The Psychology Of Abnormal Psychology - 1580 Words

Before discussing the definition of abnormal psychology, it is first important to identify the real meaning of the word â€Å"Abnormal†. For laymen to be asked of the definition of the word Abnormal, it is common to encounter answers such as people and behaviors that is weird, strange and odd. These characterizations are not enough to fully describe the true and deeper meaning of the word Abnormal. It is important to consider characteristics in defining abnormal such as whether the behavior is causing impairment in a person’s life, also if it hinders the person in functioning properly and successfully in different aspect of his or her life such as psychological, interpersonal and personal achievement and performance. When these actions and behaviors are present it is safe to say that it is a sign of an abnormal behavior that can later on develop in to an psychological disorder. Abnormal Psychology is defined as the study of mental disorders, which also can be referred t o as mental illness, psychological disorders or psychopathology. It studies different aspects of mental disorders from what the behavior and person look like or symptoms to the reason why the disorder occur or its etiology. Also abnormal psychology deals with how to address and maintain the disorders especially the people exhibiting these symptoms and also what effects and possible dangers these abnormal behaviors have on the person and the people around them (Davila, n.d). Abnormal psychology is a branch ofShow MoreRelatedAbnormal Psychology967 Words   |  4 PagesAbnormal Psychology Roshaun Hatchett PSY/410 April 25, 2012 Dr. Christopher Daub Abnormal Psychology Abnormal psychology has been in existence for more than a century. Mental illness was approached from a spiritual point of view. Individuals of certain beliefs would misdiagnose others from the spiritual perspective and would assume that evil spirits controlled his or her’s physical, mental, and observable world (Tyrer, 2010). The following will be covered in this document: theRead MoreAbnormal Psychology1605 Words   |  7 PagesAbnormal Psychology Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior. It seeks to comprehend people by understanding mental functions and social behavior. It also explores neurobiological and physiological processes that can drive cognitive functions and behaviors. It is this drive to understand mental processes that pushes psychologists to want to learn about what is normal and abnormal behavior. People have tried for thousands of years to understand and define abnormal behavior. In the past 100Read MoreAbnormal Psychology1154 Words   |  5 Pages Abnormal Psychology: The field of abnormal psychology is a scientific discipline that focuses on examining the causes of mental dysfunction or abnormal behavior. Some of the major areas of study in this field include emotional disturbance, psychopathology, mental illness, and maladjustment. This scientific discipline examines abnormal behavior since such actions are expressed due to psychological dysfunction that contains some features of deviance, potential injury, and distress. As various typesRead MoreAbnormal Psychology1031 Words   |  5 PagesIn 2008, in the Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Scott R. Carlson of the University of British Columbia and William G. Iacono of the University of Minnesota reported their findings on a study entitled â€Å"Deviant P300 Amplitude Development in Males Is Associated with Paternal Externalizing Psychopathology†. The study explored individuals from different paternal groups and labeled these individuals as low-risk, intermediate-risk, and severe-risk for a variety of psychological disorders based on the degreeRead More Abnormal Psychology2516 Words   |  11 PagesThe field of abnormal psychology engages with the obscure line between normal and abnormal behaviour. This blur is as a result of the dissonance that occurs when the two terms are defined for example, when cultural perspectives are taken into consideration-where behaviour (for example sake, experiencing hallucinations) considered deviant in one population is normalcy in another. In attempt to make the field comprehensive a middle ground was determined by drawing on the common elements or patternsRead MoreAbnormal And Clinical Psychology : Psychology908 Words   |  4 PagesAbnormal and clinical psychology are two branches in the field of psychological studies. In simple words, abnormal psychology can be defined as the study of people who engage in unusual behavior and emotional thoughts. These actions and thoughts are considered abnormal compared to those of other members of society, and they significantly interfere with their functioning in life. Clinical psychology goes hand in hand with abnormal psychology because it is the study that deals with the assessment andRead MorePathological Psychology : Abnormal Psychology1204 Words   |  5 Pagesdefinition for behavior that is labeled abnormal. It is this way due to the fact that society in its entirety has to agree on normative behavior. Because society will never have the exact same views, opinions, beliefs, or culture, an unmistakable definition will not occur. A simplified definition of this behavior is unusual conduct that goes against what is classified as ordinary in society. The study of this sort of behavior is abnormal psychology. Abnormal psychology focuses on atypical sequences of conductRead MoreAbnormal Psychology1742 Words   |  7 PagesCrystle Back Film: About A Boy Psychology of the Abnormal 407-001 Provisional Diagnosis: Based on psychosocial history, behavioral observations, and assessment data, the following diagnosis should be considered†¦ Bipolar Disorder with Major Depressive Episodes Introduction: In the film About A Boy there is an unusual boy that the film focuses on named Marcus. Marcus has a highly unusual mom named Fiona whom I chose to focus on for this paper. Fiona plays the excentric mom with majorRead MoreAbnormal Psychology Essay1646 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract The following paper includes such topics of normal and abnormal psychology. Discussed with these topics are definitions of each as well as the similarities and differences between them both. Included here also is a discussion and explanation of two mental disorders and two mental illnesses all taken from the psychology perspective. As the reader will see, normal and abnormal psychology as well as the mental disorders and illnesses are common issues that could happen to any person or affectRead MoreAbnormal Psychology Therapy1729 Words   |  7 PagesAbnormal Psychology and Therapy Paper (NAME HERE) PSY 300 July 2, 2010 Abnormal Psychology and Therapy Upon researching what the word psychology means many definitions may be found. However, once all those definitions have been deciphered you will find that psychology is the study of an individual’s mental and emotional state and thought processes. The intention of therapy within psychology is to diagnose, treat, and in time help individuals improve from whatever psychological infirmity

How Addiction Effects the Psychological and Physical...

Darlene Sledge Fundamentals Of Research Writing January 23, 2008 I. Introduction This qualitative research will investigate how addiction effects the psychological and physical functioning of daily life. Psychological functioning is the cognitive and behavioral characteristics of an individual and how they work. This research relates to counseling. The field of counseling looks at methods that will engage an individual with personal issues and how they cope on daily basis. I have several reasons why this topic is of interest to me. I am a Certified Alcohol/Drug Counselor, currently employed as a supervisor at a Women’s Residential Misa Facility. I have been in this field for 10 years and I remain baffled by the†¦show more content†¦This lack of control is the result of alcohol-or drug –induced changes in the brain. Those changes, in turn, cause behavior changes. The brains of addicted people â€Å"have been modified by the drug in such a way that absence of the drug makes a signal to their brain that is equivalent to the signal of when you are starving†, says National Institute of Drug Abuse Director Dr. Nora Volkow. It is â€Å"as if the individual was in a state of deprivation, where taking the drug is indispensable for survival. It’s as powerful as that.† Addiction grows more serious over time. Substance use disorders travel along a continuum. This progression can be measured by the amount, frequency, and context of a person’s substance use. As their illness deepens, addicted people need more alcohol or other drugs; they may use more often, and use in situations they never imagined when they first began to drink or take drugs. The illness becomes harder to treat and the related health problems, such as organ disease, become worse. â€Å"This is not something that develops overnight for any individual,† says addiction expert Dr. Kathleen Brady. â€Å"Generally there’s a series of steps that individuals go through from experimentation and occasional use [to] the actual loss of control of use. And it really is that process that defines addiction.† (HBO: Addiction: What IsShow MoreRelatedSubstance Abuse And Addiction : A Meta Analysis1711 Words   |  7 Pagesdependent of substance tends to affect an individual both physically and psychologically. When reformed, dependency settles in where abuser may have trouble living everyday life without substance sustaining abuser to tolerate the remainder of the day. In the journal article Deficits in Behavioral Inhibition in Substance Abuse and Addiction: A meta-analysis authors Smith, Mattick, Jamadar, Iredale stated â€Å"The results are generally consistent with the view that substance use disorders and addictionlike behavioralRead MoreThe Causes o f Drug Addiction1430 Words   |  6 PagesThe Causes of Drug Addiction What causes a man to risk losing his family or worse his freedom for the ability to get high? What causes a parent to risk not only their own health by smoking but also the health of their children? The answer is addiction. Alan I. Leshner, PhD states that the â€Å"essence of addiction [is an] uncontrollable, compulsive drug seeking and use, even in the face of negative health and social consequences.† He goes on to say, â€Å"This is the crux of how many professional organizationsRead Moredrug addiction802 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿INTRODUTION Drug addiction is the chronic disease affecting the brain, and just everyone is different. Drug affect different ways. One person can take and abuse drugs, yet never become addicted, while another merely has one experience and is immediately hooked. Addiction explain and is charactererized by a person having to used the drugs repeatedly, regardless of the damage it does to their health, family career, and their rrelationshipwith friends and the community. Addiction is not limited toRead MoreWhat Are the Disadvantages of Computer Addiction?900 Words   |  4 Pagesfor computer addiction treatment, one point regarding addiction to the computer needs to be made : Computer addiction is not an official psychiatric diagnosis. Despite a growing movement to have obsessive computer and internet use included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), so far this has not happened. In relative terms when disadvantages of computer addiction compared to other addictions such as alcoholism and drug addiction, computer addiction is a very newRead MoreAnalysis Of Let It Snow By David Sedaris971 Words   |  4 Pages Alcoholism in Sedaris’ Let it Snow One’s wellbeing is determined by physical and emotional health. In health sciences students learn about body and brain functioning. Emotions,stress and decision-making have a significant impact on mental and physical health. Alcoholism is often a coping mechanism resulting in negative health consequences. David Sedaris’ mother is probably and alcohol, and her addiction has a negative impact on herself and her family. A common trope in pop culture is the drinkRead MoreRosa Lee Has No Employment At The Current Time1480 Words   |  6 Pages use, such as agony and suffering, not being capable to function correctly, and also the abusive behavior from her children. Occupational functioning. Rosa Lee is currently unemployed and does not have any history of stable employment. She does not have any future job possibilities and it does not appear if Rosa Lee wants a job. Financial aspects. Rosa Lee has no employment at the current time. However, she does receive welfare assistance and social security. Rosa Lee has been consistentlyRead MoreRelapse in Substance Abuse Treatment Essay1165 Words   |  5 Pagesearly signs of relapse, identifying and singling out high risk factors for a possible relapse, how to make wise daily choices that won’t lead the client back to drug abuse, and implementing early coping strategies to avoid relapse (Sofuoglu, 2010). Within the strategies described in the coping skills training both behavioral and cognitive techniques are included. Clients are provided with alternatives on how they can effectively use their habit by reframing it as a learning experience that has setbacksRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Addiction On Children1506 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction When an individual is struggling with drug addiction problems, the family is affected physically, mentally, and emotionally. The disease not only changes the addict’s whole life, but it changes the lives of their family members as parents get torn apart from themselves and each other. The role of each family member begins to shape around what is in the best interest of the addict. This research paper is an overview of the effects that raising a drug addicted child has on parent’s abilityRead MorePsychoactive Drugs Can Have On An Individual s Brain1612 Words   |  7 PagesTo fully understand the affects that psychoactive drugs can have on an individual’s brain, one has to first define the term, dissect the history and use, know what factors cause addiction, and what leads to drug dependency. What is a psychoactive drug? A psychoactive drug, psycho-pharmaceutical, or psychotropic is a chemical substance that changes brain function and results in alterations in perception, mood, or consciousness (drug, n.d). Typically the term drug alone can be seen or associated withRead MoreHypnosis As A Type Of Mind Control821 Words   |  4 Pagesinvoluntary changes in behavior and physical state by the power of suggestion. It is often seen by the public as a trick done by performers for entertainment, and is not often looked at as a legitimate treatment. There are multiple cases of hypnosis being used as a treatment for physical and psychological problems. Many of these cases have had successful results. The perception of hypnosis and its role in society are the focuses of this essay. First, I will explain how hypnosis is done. Then I will explore

Nursing for Banderbag Base Hospital - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theNursing for Banderbag Base Hospital. Answer: Introduction Evidence-based care has become a very critical issue and consideration in medical practice as it is one of the pillars that guide clinicians on how to achieve the Triple Aim's objective that enhances quality as well as improves the level of patient satisfaction at reduced costs. This care provides a platform for interaction between the care provider and the patient hence enhances sharing of decision making on medical issues. For the purposes of this task quality and safety and leadership and management are comprehensively discussed with inquiries made in Banderbag Base Hospital. Quality and safety A public inquiry of the activities going on at Banderbag Base Hospital revealed that non-qualified medical officers were found practicing and attending to patients. The Health Minister failed to terminate the contract of a medical director who did not confirm the qualifications of one of the members of his clinical staff. Reports indicated that the officer handled nine cases out of which two were serious and required sensitive medical care. This was a failure that came up as a result of not confirming the credentials of the clinical staff. The case which is currently before the court indicates that the former medical services director deliberately refused to cross-check the qualifications of the clinical officer and some of the employees did not fill appropriately the employment paper as required by employment terms. The organization would have deployed credentialing as a strategy to enhance risk management that culminated into this health system failure. Credentialing allows the health organization to ascertain and justify the qualifications, expertise, and experience that a clinical officer has before he can be allowed to offer medical services (Rozovsky, 2012). Through credentialing the hospital is able to determine the professional ability of the officer thereby enhancing care services that are not only of high quality but also safe within the hospital. Credentialing enhances the safety of the patients as it ensures clinicians practice only within the boundaries of their competence and training (Rader, 2012). It also ensures the clinicians offer services within the capacity of the service for which they are working. In so doing the clinical officers will be having specific and outlined jurisdiction of medical professionalism and practice. All these benefits would enhance the safety of patients as they would be attended to by qualified and justified personal hence an improvement in the quality of their lives. Credentialing provides a standardized process that involves collection of data, primary source verification, and health plans reviews. Through the standardized process, the health care of the patients is assured as it will be left in the hands of individuals of the highest and acceptable experience and professional merit. The process of credentialing should be vigorous and thorough enough before a physician can get into a contract with a health care provider. Electronic credentialing processes offers a more accurate and efficient way of verifying the qualifications and experience of medical practitioners (Page, 2014). Suppose Banderbag Base Hospital adopted this strategy it would have avoided the unethical medical practices that it witnessed. Through credentialing, the hospital could have improved the safety of its patients by ensuring they are attended to by only qualified and those who meet the threshold requirements for practice. The hospital might have lost numerous patients upon such public inquiry and revelation (Rozovsky, 2012). This situation could as well been averted as qualified personnel build trust in patients and makes them feel confident. Leadership and Management For the success of a health care system, health care organizations need more and more from their leaders in order to meet the expectations and demands of a steadily complicating health care system. In order to successfully run a health care organization, a leader is expected to be transparent and open in all his undertakings. An open and transparent leader is one who is authentic, trustable and accessible (Morath, 2015). These traits should be observable in how the leader behaves. An open leader has a sense of purpose. Such a leader maintains his employees by setting to each of them jurisdiction upon which they are to thump their authorities and administer responsibilities (Clark, 2016). He ensures everyone does exactly what he is assigned to do. Open leaders are focused on purpose. They lead by example and motivate their teams to continue providing services. Motivation can be in the form of helping the employees understand what they are supposed to do as opposed to waiting for them to fail and then launch blames and accusations. Through the motivation the employees get right what is expected of them and feel free to consult with the manager on anything they feel is not clear (Clark, 2016). These traits are not evident in the public inquiry done at Banderbag Base Hospital. The infiltration of negligent medical practitioner was a result of failure by the top management to ascertain the qualifications (Clark, 2016). In this regard, the management did not focus on the purpose of ensuring patient safety and quality medical care. It was not to the interest of the medical director to see patients in safe and trustable hands. An open and transparent leader has a sense of focus. This sense would ensure the leader gives specific attention to the quality of the health care provided in the health care organization thereby improving the safety of the patients (West, 2014). A leader who is focused on the safety of the patient would motivate, promote, encourage and reward health care professionals who consolidate their efforts toward achieving patient safety and care. Through open and frank discussions between the leader and his staff, he would be able to advise them on how to go about their tasks as far as maintaining patient safety and high-quality care is concerned. Such discussions would have positive impacts on safety culture in the health organization. The above leadership qualities can as well help in the management of any unprofessional and disruptive behavior by clinical officers. The leader has the oversight over all the employees and therefore able to spot any incompetence or unprofessionalism among the clinicians. By eliminating such traits the safety of the patients is highly enhanced. The leader is able to achieve this by listening to the complaints from the patients or even developing a structured outline on how to perform early enough interventions (Rader, 2012). References Blake, S. (2013). Licensing and credentialing of health care professionals: a literature review. London: Dept. for Professional Employees, AFL-CIO. Clark, C. C. (2016). Creative Nursing Leadership and Management. Beaverton: Jones Bartlett Publishers. Morath, J. M. (2015). To Do No Harm: Ensuring Patient Safety in Health Care Organizations. California: Wiley. Page, A. (2014). Keeping Patients Safe: Transforming the Work Environment of Nurses. Oxford: National Academies Press. Pasmore, W. A. (2014). Developing Collective Leadership for Health Care. London: King's Fund. Rader, K. (2012). Appreciative Leadership: Focus on What Works to Drive Winning Performance and Build a Thriving Organization. Pennyslavia: McGraw Hill Professional. Rozovsky, F. A. (2012). Health Care Credentialing: A Guide to Innovative Practices. Manchester: Wolters Kluwer Law Business. West, M. A. (2014). Developing Collective Leadership for Health Care. New York: King's Fund.

Unchained Heritage - Creative Essay Essays - Family, Grandparent

Unchained Heritage - Creative Essay The Elder sat alone on a slab of granite outside a carelessly- erected tent on a Native reserve near Beardmore in northern Ontario, just east of Lake Nipigon. The previous night's rain was already drying off the ground, leaving only scattered mud patches in it's wake. Soon the early summer sun would turn these into crusty bits of dirt, only to be muddied the next rainfall. The roar of a twin-engine charter from Dryden filled the air. A squirrel, apparently frightened by the noise, scampered hurriedly past the Elder, pausing only momentarily to sniff the air before taking refuge up a nearby tree. About a minute later, the plane was completely out of sight, but the squirrel had not yet come back down from his tree. The Elder eased himself off the rock and stood up, looking about him critically. This was not the land he used to know. Although he was nearing his sixty-third birthday, he clearly remembered coming to this same location with his father as a boy. There were more birds then, he thought, and more trees. The Elder walked a few steps to a creek to wash his hands. A very faint metallic odour met him as he bent down, but he did not notice it as his nose had long become insensitive. The Elder shook his hands dry and glanced up at the position of the sun. It was high overhead, indicating noontime. He sighed, knowing that in a couple of hours his son would bring his family from Toronto to visit him. He did not like his son very much, but he put up with the annual visits for the sake of the grandchildren: he was their only link to their heritage. For one month a year he would show them how their ancestors lived. How he lives. He thought back to his last visit to the Hogtown, more then twenty years previously. An early morning walk along the lakeshore was ruined by the constant reek of rotting fish and the deafening roar of cars rushing past on the Gardiner. He had followed the shoreline until Don River, where the expressway simply turned into a parkway: woes by another name. He has wondered why expressways were always built along lakeshores and rivers, the most ecologically-sensitive areas of the land, and decided that he would never return to Toronto. "Now Toronto comes to me," he murmured softly. The Elder walked back to his tent and rummaged about inside, producing a peace pipe that was more then two hundred years old. He had long quit smoking, on the advice of a physician in Beardmore, but at least it would break the ice with his grandchildren. He carefully unrolled a pouch of aromatic tobacco, whcih he had imported from Virginia and saved for special occasions, and removed some leaves, which he placed in the pipe. He then set about busily creating a campfire. "Everything must be just right," he said to himself. From his jacket, he removed some grains and nuts, which he scattered on the ground nearby. He hoped it would attract a few birds and small animals. He wanted to be sure that his grandchildren would enjoy their culture and be proud of who they are. Before he could light the fire, the Elder heard the distant grind of a car. He hurriedly made a few last-minute preparations, then set to light the fire. The breeze from nearby Lake Nipigon made it difficult, and as he fumbled with twigs and safety matches he caught sight of a giant beast through the gap between the trees. He dropped the matches and stood up, expressionless. The beast, a blue Lumina passenger van, came to a stop just meters away, and five figures poured out of its belly. Two children ran up to the Elder and hugged him. "Gramps!" one of them exclaimed. "We've missed you so much!" The Elder forced himself to smile. He hated being called Gramps, but that was what he was to the kids. "Let me look at you," he said pulling away. "You've grown!" Beaming faces looked up at him happily in response. A third child walked up and laid both hands on the Elder's shoulders."Hello, Grandfather," he said."How's life up here?" "Peaceful," he replied. "Have you finished school yet?" "No," laughed the oldest child. "You always ask me that same question; you know I still have a year to go." "Here come your parents," replied the Elder.

The First Europeans To Visit Mexico

The First Europeans To Visit Mexico Free Online Research Papers The first Europeans to visit Mexico were Francisco Fernandez de Cordoba in 1517 and Juan de Greijly in 1518. Hernan Cortes, started the conquest from Cuba in 1519 along with lieutenants such as Pedro de Alvarado managed to conquer the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan; to capture the Aztec ruler, Montezuma, and to bring down the his empire; and to ward off Spanish rivals. In1528 the first royal court was set up under Nuno de Guzman. After Mexico finally established independence, it went through many different constitutions until 1917. The current Mexican Constitution is commonly referred to as the 1917 Constitution. It is the source and origin for all Mexican law. The hierarchy of sources of law in the civil law Tradition to which Mexico’s legal system belongs are, â€Å"constitution, legislation, regulation, and Custom.† The constitution will override all legislation, legislation will override all regulation, and regulation will override all custom. Spanish legislation continued to be used in many key areas, including civil law. During Mexico’s early beginnings, the constant political upheavals and the ruined economy left by the war of independence demanded along and challenging process of consolidation for the law of the new country to finally emerge, be formulated and systematized, and then to gradually acquire its distinct legal contours. In the late 1820’s isolated efforts at the state level had resulted in the formulation of a couple of civil codes. It was until the 1870’s when the codification process gained recognition and stature at the state level. President Benito Juarez was very much in favor of codifying a civil and penal code. As a result, Justo Sierra O’Reilly-Juarez Minister of Education-formulated one of the most advanced and significant civil works in 1861. The French intervention (1862-1867) interrupted these codification attempts. The defeat of the French army, soon followed by the execution of Maximillian of Hapsburg and his generals in 1867. President Juarez then returned to Mexico and started to restore the republican and federal form of government. President Juarez resumed his codification efforts. Finally on December 8, 1870, the Civil Code for the Federal District and the Territory of Baja California. The U.S. did not use codification until much later than Mexico. Mexico is a so called â€Å"law† country. Mexico’s civil law system derived primarily from Roman law as set forth in the compilation of codes and statutes of the Emperor Justinian, called Corpus Civilis. The system is also influenced by the Spanish and â€Å"Indian† law of Spain’s Colonization of areas that became Mexico. The U.S. is a so called â€Å"common law† country. The U.S. common law system is based on the case law and statutory law of England and the American colonies before the American Revolution. The traditional colonial law system Emphasizes case law, customs and usage rather than legislative enactments. The judicial branch of the Mexican government is divided into federal and state systems. Mexico’s highest court is the Supreme Court of Justice, it consists of twenty-one magistrates and five auxiliary judges all appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate. This court decides the most important cases in the country. Next in the line of authority and significance are the Circuit Courts who take cases on appeal and amparo cases. The District Courts have jurisdiction over amparo cases in the first instance, and functions as courts of ordinary jurisdiction on matters of federal law, such as commercial law cases. The Supreme Court of Justice is divided into four chambers, each with five justices. These are the Penal Affairs Chambers, Civil Affairs Chamber, Administrative Affairs Chamber and the Labor Affairs Chamber. The Auxiliary Chamber, the fifth chamber, is responsible for the overload of the four regular chambers. Court rulings of both the whole, or plenary, court and the separate chambers are decided on the basis of majority rules. Rulings by the separate chambers may be overturned by the full court. Under the Supreme Court of Justice there are three levels of federal courts: twelve Collegiate Circuit Courts, each with three magistrates; nine Unitary Circuit Courts, each with six magistrates; and sixty-eight District Courts, each with one judge. Federal judges for the lower courts are appointed by the Supreme Court of Justice. The Collegiate Circuit Courts can be compared to the United State’s Courts of Appeals, and this court deals with the protection of individual rights, usually hearing cases where an individual files a writ of amparo, a type of legal protection that can be compared to a form of habeus corpus that protects individual civil liberties and property rights. The Unitary Circuit Courts handles appeal cases also. Spanish civil law is based on strict adherence to legal codes and minimal jurisprudence. The writ of amparo is the most powerful judicial instrument which can be used against acts by any government official, including the president. The Supreme Court of Justice is prohibited by the constitution from applying their rulings beyond any individual case. The Supreme Court of Justice usually shows greater independence in relation to the president than does the legislature often deciding against the executive in amparo cases. But, the Judiciary does not often try to change the will of the president on major issues. The diversification of administrative regulations in the different legal areas is difficult to control due to the quick growth of Administrative law in Mexico. The administrative courts are classified either federal or state. The federal courts include; the Federal Boards of Conciliation and Arbitration which hear labor cases and are of the utmost importance because of Mexico’s Federal Labor Law which controls each employer employee relationship, the Court of Agrarian Justice; the Court of Military Justice; the Court of Jurisdiction over the Electoral Process; and other special courts. State administrative courts include the Administrative Court of Contentions; Justice of the Peace Courts and other courts of little importance. In Mexico there is not as much civil litigation as in the U.S. Mainly, the reason for this is that litigation in Mexico is expensive, there are no awards for punitive damages, all parties must pay their own attorney fees and costs, and the entire process of litigation can be lengthy. If litigation is unavoidable although, there are no punitive damage awards in Mexico, there are awards for â€Å"normal damages† under certain conditions set forth in the Civil Code. The awards here never amount to some of the high figures seen in U.S. rulings. Another characteristic of litigation in Mexico is that there are no jury trials as is the right in most U.S. cases, formal, written declarations are used more often than the oral hearings used in U.S. courts; negotiation and mediation are encouraged. The â€Å"discovery process† is monumentally significant in U.S. litigation, controlled by attorneys this is where much of the time and expense is associated with Mexican litigation. But, in Mexico the judge controls his process. Mexican attorneys have a much more active role in developing a case than do the judges. They assist in the gathering of evidence and selection of witness. If the accused wants the lawyer to be more in control of the case, this could be to his disadvantage. Not including administrative proceedings, most litigation is settled for the above reasons and because in Mexico, judgment is difficult to enforce against a solvent defendant, judgments can be contested in a separate amparo proceeding which can run for several years. In Mexico, one is judged guilty until proven innocent. The death penalty does exist in Mexico, a feature shared with other Latin American countries for historic reasons. In most cases, arrests can only be made on authority of a judicial warrant, unless the suspect is caught in the act of committing a crime. Oftentimes suspects are arrested without a warrant and judges tend to overlook the irregularity. Those arrested are required to be brought before an officer of the court who takes their statements and within 48 hours then informs them of he charges against them. Within seventy hours of the arraignment, the judge must remand the arrested person to prison or release that person. Criminal trials in most cases are tried by a judge without a jury. The judge acting alone basis his/her verdict on any evidence, although at times oral testimony is presented. Defendants have the right to counsel, if they can’t afford it they are appointed a public defender. This quality of counsel is usually poor. Usually the accused and the lawyer may not appear the important stage of sentencing. The defendants right to a public trials is guaranteed, as is the right to confront one’s accusers and to be provided a translator if the defendant is not Spanish. Under their Constitution the court must hand down sentencing within four months of arrest for crimes carrying the maximum sentence of two years or less, and within a year if the crime carries a longer sentence. The Mexican Penal code stipulates a range of sentences for each offense. Sentences tend to be short, usually not longer than seven years. The actual time of incarceration is usually three fifths of a sentence if, good behavior. These sentenced for less than five years may avoid further jail time by passing a bond. The entire process of trial, sentencing and appeals often takes a year or more. A key element in Mexico’s legal system is their Lawyers. Many of them are highly educated and many speak English. These students enter law school after eleven years of formal education. Law school is five years and is broader and more formal and theoretical than law schools in the U.S. After graduation the person will usually clerk for a firm or government Official until an oral exam is presented to become licensed. Mexican lawyers are licensed to practice throughout Mexico, not in individual states as in the U.S. A â€Å"notary public† in Mexico is different in what is referred to as a notary public in the U.S.A Mexican notary public is a lawyer who is also a public official appointed by the by the Mexican state, or by selection after a rigid application process and examination. This type of appointment is considered a delegation of government authority for the certification or official recognition of certain acts and documents. Mexican notaries are allowed to practice law in some states. This position of notary public in Mexico is coveted, and one acquires this position after years of apprenticeship under the guidance of another public. There are many similarities between Mexico and the U.S. contract law. As in other legal systems, the general principle is freedom of contract between individuals and entities is the backbone of contract law in both countries. The common fundamental principles of contract law Include the initial offer and negotiation of the terms, acceptance; formalization of the contract including the establishment of liquidated damages or other provisions and conditions of default; and termination of the contractual obligations. The major differences between U.S. and Mexican law surround the fundamental U.S. concept of consideration for a valid contract requires that one party receive something of value or that the other party suffer a lost, take on a responsibility or give up an opportunity. If such consideration is absent, the contract is invalid, although the U.S. is evolving away from this requirement. In Mexico, the validity of and compliance within a contract depend only on the existence of the agreement between parties. The parties do not need to present â€Å"legal consideration† to bind themselves, their intent to agree is sufficient Mexico, as in the U.S., freedom of contract depends on the legality of the subject of the contract, and accordingly, contracts involving illegal activities are void. Another important difference between U.S. and Mexican contract law is the degree of formality required of contracts. Mexican contractual law imposes many formalities that are not required in the U.S. One example of these formalities is the requirement to appear before a Mexican notary public to center the legality of certain types of contracts, such as contracts to buy or sell real property this certification process is much more formal than the U.S. requirement that a Notary Public acknowledge signatures on a deed. Finally, the difference between the strength of U.S. guarantee agreements and Mexican guaranty agreements in Mexico, such contracts are â€Å"secondary contracts† because they require the prior existence of a principal contract, a special characteristic of Mexican law. An example of this is the mortgage contract which cannot be guaranteed without a prior contract that gives rise to the obligation to be guaranteed or secured by the mortgage. In the United States, guaranteed agreements are more flexible and independent, and can exist without prior principle contract, as in the case of a standard security agreement. Who’s to say what changes can be made to improve the Mexican legal system, seeing as how the U.S. legal system could also use some improvement. The rule of law is not simply the consequences of what is written down in the constitution and the various laws, but rather a behavioral equilibrium that emerges from the interaction of legal institutions and the strategic choices of political and social actors who attempt to bypass the constraints imposed by those institutions. Research Papers on The First Europeans To Visit MexicoThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationQuebec and CanadaPETSTEL analysis of India19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeCapital PunishmentInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Bringing Democracy to Africa

In Vitro essays

In Vitro essays When youre standing at the grocery store waiting in line and there is nothing better to do than stare at the magazines on the stand, theres a good chance that you might have wondered where stars like Jennifer Lopez, Britney Spears or Paris Hilton get that beautiful skin tone. If you happen to be a teenage girl, there is a good chance you know where it came from. You guess they either are so rich they can afford to go to Cancun every time they start turning pale or they took a quick trip to the local tanning bed center. The latter is the most correct because tanning beds are becoming very popular not only in the United States but around the world. The concept of tanning beds came to North America from Europe and more specifically from Germany. The rays from a tanning bed are long wave rays, which are known as ultraviolet A. The short waves from the sun are known as ultraviolet B (Corruth). The first units to become popular were the UVB booths and they were very low in UVB, often in the 1 percent or less range. While research had been done on the effects of light before the invention of tanning beds, it was not until 1975 that the first tanning beds appeared in Europe. Friedrich Wolff is known for having introduced the first tanning units at this time, and was soon joined by others (Tanning History). Four years later in 1979 the Germans introduced the first tanning beds in the United States. Since then, the United States market has developed new lamps. The majority of lamps used in the U.S. today are now in the 5.0 to 9.5 % UVB range (Tanning History). Once tanning beds became popular in 1980 the craze has only in creased. By late 1980's the medical officials were trying to warn people of the dangers to their skin. After that, tanning lost some of its popularity until 1990. Since then, tanning bed bulbs have become brighter with faster re ...

Proposal for Market Research for the Australia University Paper

Proposal for Market for the Australia University - Research Paper Example Information regarding the positioning of THE UNIVERSITY in comparison to the other institutions can help in devising a branding to improve the rating so as to attract students from other areas apart from the traditional population group of THE UNIVERSITY. RO 2: What are the expectations of the target group from the present offerings/facilities of THE UNIVERSITY? Are there any additional facilities expected? Are other similar universities or educational institutions offering more? 4. Using the Repertory Grid on the RO 3 (ranking of THE UNIVERSITY among other universities/institutions of higher learning) will give valuable information regarding the attributes on which students rank institutions. We can have a list of elements (other universities and institutions along with THE UNIVERSITY) and the attributes like admission process, popularity of the institution among peers, history of the institution, choice of courses, size of the institution, accreditation of the institution, tie-ups of the institution with other institutions and reception of the institute’s students in the industry after graduation. This will give us an insight into the core necessities of the target group and further help in tailoring THE UNIVERSITY’s brand positioning and communication strategy towards the target group. 5. Content Analysis for RO 4 (sources of information regarding universities, educational institutions and courses of study). Universities are chosen by students depending upon the information available to them. Knowing their methods of information search and the places where they search for the information will further help in focusing our communication strategy. Based on the data collected like websites, magazines, publications, agency ratings which the target group uses to obtain information, communication can be improved to increase the reach and perception of THE UNIVERSITY.

The Important of a business plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Important of a business plan - Essay Example For such a person the importance of a business plan can be limited though not essentially irrelevant. A business plan generally consists of cover page along with a table of contents and an abstract. It further has a description or an introduction, an analysis of the corporate environment along with a detailed study of the industry such as banking, finance, toys or even a home based business like the online service provision or domestic manufacturing. Next it will have a competitor analysis which would give a description of the nature and the extent of the competitive environment. It will also have a marketing plan, a financial plan, operational and management strategy, a policy approach and finally alternative possibilities of change (Berry, 2008). A potential entrepreneur will have to consider a number of possibilities and probabilities before he launches the operations connected with the business. Therefore he has to consider a number of things to be initiated before the actual business activity starts. A business plan is primarily important due to the following reasons. In the first place a potential businessman or an entrepreneur ought to have a well defined approach to understanding the kind of business that he or she is going to do. For example a potential businessman has to gather as much information as possible on the business environment and the nature of the industry before he himself set up the business. This will be helpful to him by way of creating a certainty about what he is going to do. The inability to clearly define the nature of the business and understand the connected implications often leads to business failure. Secondly a business plan enables a potential businessman to identify and isolate the type of relationships that he will have to develop once the business is launched. For example a sole proprietor operating from home would still have to deal with a bank or a number of banks, a supplier or a number of suppliers, a

Human resource management Essay Example for Free

Human resource management Essay Many business owners prepare a business plan before starting their business. However, small business owners often do not include human resource planning as part of their over-all business plan. They may start out with only a few employees or none at all. Over time, it is important to properly forecast employment needs. Just as failing to address potential threats in the marketplace can jeopardize the viability of your business, failing to anticipate personnel needs can impact on overall business success. The success of a business is directly linked to the performance of those who work for that business. Underachievement can be a result of workplace failures. Because hiring the wrong people or failing to anticipate fluctuations in hiring needs can be costly, it is important that you put effort into human resource planning. Planning for HR needs will help to ensure your employees have the skills and competencies your business needs to succeed. An HR plan works hand in hand with your business plan to determine the resources you need to achieve the business’s goals. It will better prepare you for staff turnover, recruitment, and strategic hiring – and alleviate stress when you have emergency/last-minute hiring needs. Human Resource Planning Process Or Steps Of HR Planning Human resource planning is a process through which the company anticipates future business and environmental forces. Human resources planning assess the manpower requirement for future period of time. It attempts to provide sufficient manpower required to perform organizational activities. HR planning is a continuous process which starts with identification of HR objectives, move through analysis of manpower resources and ends at appraisal of HR planning. Following are the major steps involved in human resource planning: 1. Assessing Human Resources The assessment of HR begins with environmental analysis, under which the external (PEST) and internal (objectives, resources and structure) are analyzed to assess the currently available HR inventory level. After the analysis of external and internal forces of the organization, it will be easier for HR manager to find out the internal strengths as well as weakness of the organization in one hand and opportunities and threats on the other. Moreover, it includes an inventory of the workers and skills already available within the organization and a comprehensive job analysis. 2. Demand Forecasting HR forecasting is the process of estimating demand for and supply of HR in an organization. Demand forecasting is a process of determining future needs for HR in terms of quantity and quality. It is done to meet the future personnel requirements of the organization to achieve the desired level of output. Future human resource need can be estimated with the help of the organizations current human resource situation and analysis of organizational plans an procedures. It will be necessary to perform a year-by-year analysis for every significant level and type. HR planning must be tied to the overall business plan. You can start the process by assessing the current conditions and future goals of your company. Perform these assessments regularly. Consider some of the following questions: What are the company’s goals and objectives? Do these goals call for expansion into new markets? Are new product lines planned? Are changes in technology necessary to stay competitive? Will new skills and/or training be required to meet the company’s goals and objectives? The following three-step method is designed to help you determine whether or not you are ready to hire: 1. Identify Business Strategy and Needs 2. Conduct a Job Analysis and Write a Job Description 3. Determine the Feasibility of Hiring Human Resource Planning Checklist Step 1: Identify Business Strategy and Needs Identify pressures and opportunities Clarify your business strategy and direction Identify aspects of the business that need help The following questions will help you determine how many people are required, and with what skills, to fulfill your business needs. What new positions are opening up? What special skills (e.g. computer applications) will be needed? What work experience (e.g. in a particular area) will be required? When will new staff be needed? When should hiring be scheduled to ensure a smooth transition? Does the hiring plan also provide for employee turnover and attrition? Step 2: Conduct a Job Analysis and Write a Job Description Review your current workforce- Describe the employees you now have in terms of their knowledge, skills, and experience and describe how they function together to get work done, At the same time, consider how the current work could be reorganized to make the best use of current and future employees. Identify any skills and knowledge gaps- Note any gaps between the skills and abilities your current employees have and the skills and abilities that your workforce needs to meet your business objectives in the future. Write a job description Set an appropriate salary- Start by adopting a general salary range to help you determine what you will need to budget – and whether potential candidates are within your budget. You may want to complete a job evaluation, whereby you rank jobs and their corresponding salaries. Weigh the importance of critical skills and knowledge for each position, compare positions, and rank the new position on the pay scale accordingly. You will need to do a comparison between the new and existing positions. Is the new position more junior/senior? Will the new position require more specialized skills and knowledge? Will the position have more complex tasks and different working relationships? Will the new position have more or less responsibility? Tips for Conducting a Job Analysis * Ask employees about each position within the business and how they are (or are not) connected * Ask employees if they think hiring a new employee or creating a new position would be a good idea * Observe employees at work and earnestly ask for their ideas about better ways to operate; be prepared to put good suggestions into action * Talk to customers about which employees are easiest to deal with or provide the best service * Find out and understand why past employees have left – be truthful with yourself * Talk to customers about their needs * Understand the needs of people the new employee will be working with * Differentiate between â€Å"nice to have† and â€Å"must have† skills and experiences * Look at employees who are performing at a superior level and try to assess the skills and behavior`s that distinguish them; look for evidence of these behavior`s during the interview * Look at similar positions in other companies and the requirements they have * Read books or articles about companies that may have found themselves in similar situations Step 3: Determine the Feasibility of Hiring Understand the costs of hiring- Labor costs, such as salary and benefits, Recruiting costs, which may include advertising in addition to time spent on recruiting activities, orientation and training. Understand the benefits of hiring- * Improved morale of other employees, if a departing employee was a problem or if the area has been Under staffed for some time * Improved morale of existing staff if the growth means new business and opportunities * Improved productivity if a departing employee was not productive or if employees believed that you have made the decision to hire as a result of their input * Increased revenues once a new employee is performing at an acceptable level * A new employee who is more qualified than current employees can help train the existing employees * Increased customer satisfaction and potentially saved business. Understand the risks of not hiring- * Loss of revenues because of an inability to keep up with demand * Loss of employees because they are unwilling to continue being overworked or to do the work of a departed employee * No new ideas or knowledge brought in through new employees If you decide that hiring a new employee is feasible, you are ready to begin the recruitment process. If not, you might need to revisit your strategic plan or business objectives. 3. Supply Forecasting Supply is another side of human resource assessment. It is concerned with the estimation of supply of manpower given the analysis of current resource and future availability of human resource in the organization. It estimates the future sources of HR that are likely to be available from within an outside the organization. Internal source includes promotion, transfer, job enlargement and enrichment, whereas external source includes recruitment of fresh candidates who are capable of performing well in the organization. 4. Matching Demand And Supply It is another step of human resource planning. It is concerned with bringing the forecast of future demand and supply of HR. The matching process refers to bring demand and supply in an equilibrium position so that shortages and over staffing position will be solved. In case of shortages an organization has to hire more required number of employees. Conversely, in the case of over staffing it has to reduce the level of existing employment. Hence, it is concluded that this matching process gives knowledge about requirements and sources of HR. 5. Action Plan It is the last phase of human resource planning which is concerned with surplus and shortages of human resource. Under it, the HR plan is executed through the designation of different HR activities. The major activities which are required to execute the HR plan are recruitment, selection, placement, training and development, socialization etc. Finally, this step is followed by control and evaluation of performance of HR to check whether the HR planning matches the HR objectives and policies. This action plan should be updated according to change in time and conditions.

Those Backwards Neo-Classicalists :: Neo-Classicalism Capitalism Capitalist Essays

Those Backwards Neo-Classicalists One of the principal themes of our class was that Neo-Classicalism is wrong, not only wrong but backward. It seemed that everywhere we turned we found one example after another that supported this conclusion. In a nutshell Neo-Classicalists believe that Capitalism is completely fair and that in a Capitalist system one can never be cheated. This erroneous theory extends even into the environment and pollution. The movie "Erin Brockovich" does a wonderful job of illustrating just how wrong the Neo-Classicalists are when it comes to this particular subject. Just what is the Neo-classical belief about the environment and pollution? Interestingly enough they do admit that companies pollute, they also admit that pollution should not be left untended. Both of these admissions are actually surprising and somewhat contradictory to what one might expect from the Neo-Classicalist, unfortunately this is as far as the surprise goes. In typical Neo-classical style the theory is that if pollution is really a problem the market will bear this out and then resolve it. The belief is that the citizens will recognize that it is in the interest of the common good to stop pollution, and the response will be a non-political way of alleviating or stopping the problem. I emphasize that the solution will be a non-political one because it appears that politics and Neo-classicalism are enemies. Neo-Classicalists believe that Government should never get involved in economic problems. They feel that if the government would just stay out of it all problems would s olve themselves through neo-classicalism. In other words Government is just this terrible thing that imposes itself and mucks the whole system up! The ideal of Neo-classicalism is that the pollution problem will give rise to a market that will meet the demand for a clean environment. Which brings me to another principal of Neo-Classicalism with which I have a problem; all things should be paid for. The all-popular Brita water purifier and the increasingly popular oxygen bars are prime examples of this ideal. Although you may be able to make an argument for this principal when it comes to goods and services it seems ludicrous when you apply it to the environment. You want clean air? Pay for an oxygen bar! You want clean water? Buy yourself a water purifier! Clean air and water should be things that all humans have a right to without having to pay for them.

Death benefits Essay

Scholars such as Gnckenzie (2007) advised people to take action before the 1st of July in order to ensure that they stand an opportunity to benefit under the new super rules. Among the things people were advised to do were to make a clear review on their nominations of death benefits, to make sure that they were still appropriate and in the current manner. Doing a review on insurance cover was also necessary to consider whether the amount in the account should be increased or not. Another strategy was to do a combination of all or part of the money for those who started their funds before 1983, the 1st of July. The set one million as a limit was also supposed to be utilized by people if they were to get advantage in the new changes. According to Betamann (2006) a person was supposed to make sure that they had effectively quoted the number on the tax file (TFN) to make good use of the new rules on their superannuation funds. Co-contributions were to be appropriately made to the government for the people whose contributions on the super is non-concessional, all these were recommended to be done before 1st July 2007. People were also advised to review their arrangements on salary contributions and confirm that the contributions they made did not go above the set limits. The set one million as a limit should be utilized by people if they are to get advantage in the new changes. A recommendation was also made that one should make sure that they have effectively quoted the TFN to make good use of the new rules on their superannuation funds. Co-contributions should be appropriately made to the government for the people whose contributions on the super is non-concessional. Annette (2006) advised people to make a review on minimum payments allocated on pension and be careful about the amount of money they withdraw, because if one withdraws a lot of money, then it means their accounts would soon run out. There was an advice to people to make applications for the health card of the seniors if they were legible for that. Checking whether one would suitably fit in the non-commutable to be able to enjoy the benefit of exception on the asset test which is on a 50% limit. Conclusion By and large the, the changes made on the 2007 simplified superannuation Act as Gnckenzie (2007) stated, have had a great improvement on the lives of the employees who were approaching retirement period. The exemption of tax, tax deduction, reduction of tax on death penalties and tax free death benefits upon the immediate dependents are among the benefits the seniors have enjoyed. However, the limitations introduced in the Act may have negative effects on the retirees who may not be able to comply. If a retiree takes action on the advice offered by the scholars, then they stand a great chance to take advantage of the 1st of July simplified superannuation Act. References Annette, N. (2006).Choices of Individual Investment and Retirement Enhancement: The Subcommittee Hearing. New York: McGraw Publishers. Batemann, H. (2006). Retirement Provision in Scary Markets (3rd ed. ). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Clare, S. (2005). Retirement in Australia and Superannuation: The Government Fund. Cambridge: Anderson Publishers. Cohen, P. (1998). Superannuation and Retirement (2nd ed. ). Chicago: Moody Press Gnckenzie, R. (2007). The Book That talks On Money: How to Manage Your Money Well. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

The Sociopathic Religious Leader and Terrorism

The Sociopath Religious Leader and Terrorism Naturally, when one is given the task to explore terrorism, the first thing one would think to do is look up the definition to establish a deeper understanding. Merriam- Webster defines terrorism as: â€Å"the use of violent acts to frighten the people in an area as a way of trying to achieve a political goal†. This definition can lead one to believe that the word terrorism is nothing more than a subjective, blanketed term that is used loosely to label any act charged with hatred towards the government.This can also lead one to believe that â€Å"Terrorism† is not a word that can be easily fined but definitely has to deal with a basis for political hatred. Currently, scholars can not agree upon a more precise definition for the word. It's meaning varies from country to country, and even person to person. The media leads the general population to believe that terrorism is any violent act committed by a person with radical poli tical beliefs that is pointed towards high government officials but actually takes the lives of innocent civilians.Of course, the events that happened on September 1 lath, 2001 echo this sentiment and the media tells every American that this is the definition of terrorism. But does an act of terrorism always have to be committed by a radical thinker from the middle east with a deep-seeded hate for America? Does it always have to be politically charged? Absolutely not. Politically aimed terrorism is Just one end of the spectrum; however, both Merriam-Webster and the Mass Media would disagree. Both lead one to believe that all terrorism is politically driven. Many scholars also believe there is another fuel behind terrorist attacks.On the other end of the spectrum lies Religion. This world contains religious fanatics that are Just as passionate about their beliefs who are also capable of omitting the same heinous crimes against humanity. To take this one step further: imagine what cou ld happen when you have a passionate person that obsesses and idealizes their beliefs to the point of a mental disability. Many scholars agree upon the fact that there is a level of psychopaths and/or sociopath behavior that is present in the minds of most terrorists. So what happens when you mix a psychopathic brain with extreme religious views?As Americans, we tend to forget that prior to September 1 lath, 2001, the most devastating act of terrorism in the United States was the Oklahoma City Bombings. If one delves past the surface of Timothy McVeigh, they may be surprised at what they find. Timothy McVeigh was more than a man that was angry with the government. Studies done on Timothy McVeigh reveal inherit psychological problems. Studies â€Å"†¦ Suggest that there may be consistent neurological deficits of the prenatal lobes, anterior Cingular gurus and left temporal region behind murderously sociopath behavior. Timothy McVeigh was the textbook definition of a sociopath a nd while he may have denounced his religious views once he was caught, a closer view into his case study proves otherwise. Once you begin to look into his core beliefs you'll discover that he was heavily influenced and involved with the Christian Identity Movement. This â€Å"†¦ Theocratic form of faith that developed in the late sass and movement was a spread like wildfire through rural communities throughout the U. S. In the sass. † Their extreme views are what motivated Timothy McVeigh to put action behind his strong beliefs.The chief guidebook of the Christian Identity Movement was a piece of fiction entitled â€Å"The Turner Diaries† written by William Pierce. In this book, Pierce counts a certain faith-fueled appraisal that happened to be the exact framework for McVeigh bombing. It is as if Timothy McVeigh used this extreme piece of fiction as a step-by-step instructional on how to carry out the bombing. â€Å"In the book, the revolutionaries blow up a fede ral building as part of their intergovernmental war. In real life, the bombing of Oklahoma City's Alfred P.Murray Building was almost a carbon copy of the incident in Pierce's book. † McVeigh even had photocopies from pages on the book on him at the time of his arrest. This event was Just as much faith driven as it was politically charged. As tragic as the Oklahoma City Bombing was, Timothy McVeigh only had one other believer in his cause, his co-conspirator. Over the past couple of decades in America, there have been devout sociopaths that have convinced hundreds of believers to do some peculiar and gruesome things.During the bizarre Heaven's Gate tragedy in 1997, Marshall Applicable convinced 38 people to take their own lives in order to get to Heaven. He convinced them all to eat applesauce laced with a Phenobarbital that contained both arsenic and cyanide. How did he do this? With his smooth talk, convincing tone and personable demeanor. Even ore inexplicable is how anothe r Bible-toting holy-roller by the name of Jim Jones convinced more than 900 people to kill themselves by drinking Cool-Aid. Both Marshall Applicable and Jim Jones had a way with words that could convince people to do absolutely anything.Fortunately for the general public of America, these two monsters didn't have their followers take innocent lives before taking their own. Charles Manson on the other hand was an advocate of getting his followers to commit murder. Charles Manson and his story are both interesting because here is a man with an extremely devoted religious following. His followers committed several orders in cold blood to include shootings and gruesome, multiple stabbings in the name of their leader. Charles Manson proclaimed himself to be both God and the Son of Man and his followers hung onto his every word.It is important to note that Charles Manson committed no killings with his own hands. Everyone that died under his guidance was killed by one of his lowly but loya l followers. Imagine a religious leader as influential as Marshall Applicable, Jim Jones or Charles Manson with thousands of followers that felt the need to inflict harm upon the general public. Shook Sahara was an extreme religious fanatic in Japan that had a rather extensive following. He was the sole creator of the religious affiliation Mum Sonority.His beliefs were originally rooted in Christianity and the Bible but took a drastic turn for the worse once his sociopath mind started to further develop his own personal ideologies and started applying them to his made-up religion. Sahara believed that he was the Son of God and began to preach this to the masses. This man had a way with words and he was able to accumulate a cult-like following of nearly 10,000 people residing in Japan and 30,000 more in Russia. Sharma's cult was truly unique because of its followers: â€Å"†¦ At seems most remarkable about this apocalyptic cult is that its leading members include Japan's best a nd brightest: scientists, computer experts, lawyers and other highly trained professionals. But according to cult expert Margaret Singer of the University of California at Berkeley, these demographics are not unusual. â€Å"Cults actively weed out the stupid and the psychiatric cases and look for people who are lonely, sad, between Jobs or Jilted,† she says. † This is more than likely the main reason behind the widespread following and the high volume of people that read into all of Sharma's beliefs.Sharma's international claim to fame name in 1995 when he initiated a terrorist attack upon the general public that resided in Tokyo. Under Sharma's guidance, a Saris nerve gas was released into the enclosed and confined spaces of the Tokyo underground subway system. The effects of the gassing were catastrophic. There were 13 untimely deaths and more than 5,000 people were seriously injured. Using religion, Sahara convinced 27 co- conspirators to cause harm to thousands upon thousands of people in the name of God. Sahara is one of the ultimate examples of how a sociopath coupled with extreme religion can wreak havoc on society.What if there was a man with an extensive following like Shook Sahara and the motivation to carry out his own dirty work like Timothy McVeigh? Faith-driven terrorist acts committed in the name of God would cause mayhem in residential streets across America. All of these men mentioned, whether they committed acts of terrorism or not, have had many characteristics in common with most terrorists that have been psychoanalysis professionally through an institution. They all exhibit some of the same key certain traits. First, most terrorists are very convincing.Whether they use deceptive charm or descriptive stories to make their followers believe their truth, they can alter pinions and change views in order to make people see their altered view or reality. In the cases of both Timothy McVeigh and Shook Sahara, this rings true. Secondl y, terrorists and sociopaths alike are characteristically known to be highly intelligent. This is evident in the case of Sahara because in order to attract intellectual people, Sahara had to be intellectual himself. Sahara charmed his followers with intelligence and conversed with people on their high level.And lastly, Sociopaths are delusional to the point that they have convinced themselves that their babbling is the absolute truth. There is nothing more convincing that a man that has absolute, 100% confidence in the words that he is preaching. Whether it is a complete lie or not, an unwavering confidence in delivery combined with a zealous belief that it is the truth is enough to motivate thousands. One day in the United States of America, there will be a sociopath religious leader that has a strong cult-like following who is widely accepted and loved by the general public.Business men and politicians alike will endorse his personal views on religion and the major marketing giant s will have him on the covers of magazines and on the front page of newspapers . Rappers and singers will mention him in their songs, and he may even have a verse or two on a hit-song himself, making him a household name. He will make cameo appearances in hit box-office movies and win over audiences across America. Both he and his devoted underlings will have an extreme zeal and undying faith for what they believe.If this sociopath religious leader has a destructive vision that is characteristic of all terrorists, evil and destruction will be a result. His zeal coupled with mass appeal, along with the notion of â€Å"Our work is favorable in the eyes of God† ill result in catastrophic terrorist events nationwide and may even unfold to be the beginning of something much bigger, something that is already written. While the thought of a politically charged terrorist attack is awful, the endless possibilities of faith-driven acts of terrorism are absolutely mortifying.The politic ally driven terrorist has a rational consequence to deal with: backlash from the government and the citizens. On the other hand, the faith-driven terrorist has an irrational view of consequence or concern for his actions because the only audience he is worried with is God. The faith-driven terrorist is liable to do so much more harm to innocent lives because his psychopathic brain may see his work as acceptable according to his beliefs and favorable in the eyes of God.It is his disregard of the consequences that is unbearable and leaves the doors wide open for any and all kinds of terrorist attacks to ensue. The faith-driven terrorist is not bound by the constraints of this world and it is because of this, that the sociopath religious leader is the ultimate terrorist.

The role of inventions and discoveries in the establishment Essay Example

The role of inventions and discoveries in the establishment Essay Example The role of inventions and discoveries in the establishment Essay The role of inventions and discoveries in the establishment Essay This write up discusses the role of inventions and discoveries in the establishment of radio. However some attention would first be directed to explaining the importance and uses of radio and radio waves as a communication device before diverting focus to discuss some inventors who played significant roles in establishing radio. The discussion will as well highlight some modern developments in the radio industry. Radio continues to be accepted as one of the most indispensable medium of communication all over the world especially in efforts to break the walls of illiteracy and bring enlightenment to millions of people. It is a system of communication which employs and propagates electromagnetic waves through space. There are varying characteristics of radio waves therefore radio waves of different lengths are employed for different purposes and are usually identified by their frequency. Radio waves are used not only in radio broadcasting but are also used in two-way immunization for law enforcement, telephone transmission, wireless Internet, television, navigational systems, GAPS, and space communication. Radio enables people to send messages over long distances in the form of words, music, signals, etc. However it is commonly used for one-way communication, I. E. Broadcasting; to broadcast music, news, discussion, interviews, sports, adverts and other programmer. Aside the one-way function of radio device, its signals is also employed by scientists to monitor weather conditions in the atmosphere. The beginning of radio is traced back to the early asses. It important to indicate however that radio owes its invention to two other discoveries; the telegraph and the telephone. These two major discoveries until the invention of radio were the only means employed by people to send quick and long distance communications. It was during this era that inventors such as James Clark Maxwell, Heimlich Hertz, Gullied Marion and a host of other individuals employed various strategies to discover radio signals and radio as communication device for that matter. The contributions of these individuals would be discussed further in subsequent paragraphs. Meanwhile it is important to state that due to a number of individual contributions to radio discovery, it is becomes difficult to single out an individual as hero when talking about radio and its discovery. The development of radio is said to have revolutionaries communication considering that the two major discoveries that had existed could only reach places that were connected with wire. On the contrary, the advent of radio signals which could pass through the air, sea, sky and even space, made it possible for people to communicate quickly irrespective of wire connections. The advantage of dado signals to connect places without passing through wires made it to be referred to as wireless. The development of radio Just as any other discovery began with experiments. One of the important ideas that brought radio to exist was generated by Michael Faraday in the early asses. He experimented with electromagnets and propounded the induction theory; specifying that currents in one wire could produce Maxwell further explained the induction theory by performing series of other experiments to confirm that electromagnetic waves exist and that they could travel fast at the speed of light. He proved, mathematically, that if an electrical interruption is of short distance from the point at which it occurred, it would effect a passage of electrical current due to some sort of waves that move at the speed of light in which the electromagnetic energy travel. The confirmation of the theory prompted Heimlich Rudolf Hertz, whose name is now associated with radio transmission scales I. E. , megahertz and kilohertz, to practicality the proven theories of Faraday and Maxwell through demonstration that rapid variations of electric current could be projected into space in the form of radio waves similar to those of light and heat. Guillemot Marion an Italian inventor was next to appear on the scene in 1895. He combined earlier ideas and his own ideas and become the first inventor to send electromagnetic waves or radio signals through the air. The Marion radio equipment was first used to send signals across the Atlantic Ocean precisely from Cornwall, England to Newfoundland, Canada. The success of his innovation eventually led to the establishment of the first telegraph company in 1899. The system he discovered was called wireless telegraphy and since then the terms radio and wireless have been used interchangeably. Lee De Forest, an American inventor, also contributed to radio with his discovery of a device called vacuum tube in 1906. The device was used to detect and amplify radio signals and it has since become an important component of radio receivers. His invention in effect formed the basis for the amplification needed to make voice transmission possible via wireless. The result of Lee De Forests work was the invention of amplitude-modulated (AM) radio. Edwin Howard Armstrong is also counted as one of the individuals who contributed to improve radio. He discovered and invented frequency-modulated (FM) radio in 1933 which to improve he audio signal of radio. Radio waves, as mentioned earlier, travel at the speed of light. I. E. : three hundred thousand kilometers per second (300,km/s). However, the transmission of radio waves is in two ways: Amplitude Modulation (AM) and Frequency Modulation (FM). In amplitude transmission, the strength of the carrier waves is varied to match changes in the programmer signal coming form the radio station. FM transmission on the other hand is such that the carrier waves remain constant but the frequency of the wave is also varied to match the programmer signals from the radio station. The FM and the high-frequency bands (88 to 108 Much) eave since become the most preferred mode of transmission considering that it has the advantage of producing broad signals that are relatively free from noise and interference arising from sources such as thunderstorms, which is a major defect of AM signals. Nonetheless FM signals are also disadvantaged with having a limited reception range. Thus it has defined catchments area beyond which the signals cannot be received. Radio technology has grown significantly since its early development. In 1947 Bell Labs, a scientist invented the transistor and in 1954 a Japanese company called Sony introduced the first transistor radio. It is significant to mention that the first practical use of radio after its invention was mainly for ship-to- ship and ship-to-shore communication where it was used to save the lives of victims of ship disaster. Meanwhile, commercial radio broadcasting after radio was an experimental radio in a suburb of Pittsburgh in 1916. The broadcast of the U. S. Presidential election in 1920 by the station is considered the beginning of professional radio broadcasting. Other radio stations soon began operation in many other countries such as Australia, Japan, and specific reference can be made to the British Broadcasting Corporation which was established in 1922. The spread of radio and broadcasting did not come without some restrictions and regulations. The U. S. Overspent had for instance, took over control of all patents related to radio technology during the First World War but later released its control in 1919. After the government released its control of patents, the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) was established with the purpose of redistributing the radio patents that had been restricted during the war. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was also established in United States to ass ign frequencies to various radio stations. In addition, the FCC was tasked to issue licenses to stations and other users of transmission equipments. The commission could as well revoke the license of stations that violate broadcasting rules. In other countries such a Canada and the United Kingdom, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission and the British Broadcasting Corporation were responsible for regulating all broadcasting networks respectively. The period between asses and asses is referred to as the golden age of radio considering that it was the period when radio ad much entertainment role as television has today. It was the period where families gathered around their radios to listen to radio programmer varying from live music, variety shows, dramas, comedy, sports, and several others. However, radio in the 21st century has become more of an individual other than a family source of entertainment. This has been made possible due technological advancements which have given birth to portable radio, cell phone radio; automobile radios as well internet radio with the help of digital and satellite radio broadcasting, another recent placement in the field. As evident from the discussion it can be concluded that a series of contributions and discoveries have aid the growth of radio which has made radio a vital means of communication in todays world. References Sanford . J. The Mass Media of the German Speaking Countries, (London: Oswald Wolff, 1979) Whittier. E. J, Form, Content and Significance of Mass Communication, (California: Walworth Publication Company, Belmont, 1991) World Book Encyclopedia Volvo. 16, World Book erg, U. ST. M. Off, (Merchandisers, North Michigan,Cargo ILL:u. S. A, 2001)

Redemption in The Kite Runner Essay Essays

Redemption in The Kite Runner Essay Essays Redemption in The Kite Runner Essay Paper Redemption in The Kite Runner Essay Paper Essay Topic: The Kite Runner It is merely natural for worlds to do errors. merely like Amir in the novel The Kite Runner. but it is how the errors are resolved that will order 1s destiny. The chief character of The Kite Runner. Amir. knows a thing or two about doing errors. What he struggles with throughout the novel is happening salvation for those errors. Throughout all phases of Amir’s life. he is endeavoring for salvation. Whether Amir is stating the incorrect thing or concealment from a hurtful truth. he ever finds new things he will hold to deliver himself for. That is why salvation is a immense underlining subject in The Kite Runner. When Amir is a kid. he feels his male parent blames him for his mother’s decease and can non love him. He does everything he can believe of to seek and do up for the errors he made in the yesteryear. Since Amir feels his male parent does non love him. he thinks of ways to do things right with him. Amir sees Baba as a perfect higher presence that he could neer am ount to. When the kite running competition comes around he takes this chance to turn out to his male parent that he can be more of an â€Å"ideal† boy to Baba. finally acquiring salvation for everything his male parent has non approved of. Amir sees Baba as a perfect male parent figure because everyone looks up to him. Amir could neer populate up to Baba’s outlooks of him and that is where the subject of salvation comes to play between these two characters. Although Amir impresses his male parent by winning the kite running competition. he ends the twenty-four hours by aching his best friend in a awful manner and one twenty-four hours he will hold to happen a manner to do up for it. Amir and Hassan are two inseparable kids. but their relationship is unusual because Hassan is Amir’s retainer. Amir is neer really nice to Hassan. but Hassan would neer turn his dorsum on Amir. This is apparent when he says. â€Å"For you a thousand times over† . Amir makes a immense er ror one twenty-four hours by aching Hassan and it takes a really long clip for him to happen a manner to deliver himself. The kit running competition was supposed to be the best twenty-four hours of Amir’s life. He would win. and gain his dad’s unconditioned love one time and for all. but things are non ever as they seem. Although Amir did win the competition. something went really incorrect. Hassan will ever hold Amir’s back. until the twenty-four hours he dies he would make anything for him. When Amir cut the last Kite down from the sky. Hassan decided to run it. Assef and his two friends didn’t precisely want Hassan to convey the kite back to Amir. Amir is a really evil immature male child and since Hassan would make anything for Amir. he refuses to manus the kite over to Assef. Hassan’s concluding act of courage consequences in his colza and Amir’s following large error. Amir watches Assef and his friends rape Hassan. but he does nil to assist his friend. Amir goes many old ages cognizing this information but neer tells anyone. but what goes about comes around. When everything eventually catches up with Amir. he is a adult adult male. Thingss in Amirâ⠂¬â„¢s life have eventually settled down. but now the yesteryear is brought back up ; he must travel happen salvation one time more. Amir survived his childhood. made a good life for himself and marries a beautiful Afghan adult female named Soraya. One thing Amir is deprived of in his life is the ability to hold kids. Amir’s inability to hold kids could perchance be looked at as coincidental or symbolic to him doing damagess for his past errors and scruples. Amir receives a phone call from his father’s old friend Rahim Khan. Although Rahim is deceasing. he asks Amir to come visit him in Afghanistan. Amir shortly realizes that the chief ground Rahim Khan asked him to see was non to see him before he died. but because Rahim wants to assist Amir win in making his concluding salvation. Rahim Khan has known about the kite running competition for Amir’s full life. and he has a manner for him to seek and put things right. Hassan. who is dead now. has a boy. but he is an orphan male child. The Taliban has taken over Afghanistan and they killed Hassan and his married woman in cold blood. Sohrab. who is Hassan’s boy. has been taken by the Taliban as payment for the orphanhood. Rahim Khan puts Amir up to the challenge of traveling to happen Sohrab and giving him a proper place. He states. â€Å"I have a manner to do things right again† . In order for Amir to deliver his yesteryear with Hassan. he must travel and happen Sohrab. who is the ultimate symbol of salvation in Amir’s life. Finding Sohrab was Amir’s greatest achievement. it was the ultimate salvation for all the evil and unfair things that have haunted his yesteryear. Amir fails to stand up for himself and others. as a kid. As an grownup. he redeems his uncourageous yesteryear by puting it right with the aid of some really close household members. Amir goes through many phases in his life. but he ever seems to be delivering himself for something. Sometimes life seems to work out in the terminal. and the hunt for salvation may non ever be easy. as witnessed in Amir’s instance. However. a strong will and finding can assist steer the route to salvation and possible forgiveness.

Sampling Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Sampling - Coursework Example lting in the auditor’s conclusion becoming dissimilar from what would have been attained if the entire population were examined (Guy, Carmichael & Whittington, 2002). As a result, sampling risk may result in two other forms of auditing risks: a. Alpha Risk (Risk of incorrect rejection), arising due to the sample indicating higher error levels than the actual case, and the risk affecting the audit efficiency. It can be resolved through the performing of additional audit work (Guy, Carmichael & Whittington, 2002). b. Beta Risk (Risk of incorrect acceptance), which arises due to the failure to detect a material error in a population due to the insufficiency of selected sample items containing errors. As a result, the audit effectiveness is affected, and the risk can be quantified by using statistical sampling procedures and detected by using other audit procedures that are complimentary (Gray, 2007). Second, there is a non-sampling risk that results from factors that cause the auditor to make erroneous conclusions for reasons not related to sample size. Subsequently, the risk can arise due to the failure of the auditors to recognize the errors of individual items in a sample. Nevertheless, the risk can be minimalized through the ensured proper audit planning, supervision and review by the auditors (Gray,

Psychological treatment plan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Psychological treatment plan - Case Study Example There are signs for a variety of trauma that she is experiencing and for brief therapy it would be important to find out the type of trauma; she may be suffering from PTSD or the experience of her fathers abuse. The Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI) is a level B instrument and it would be an important part of her work because it could generate information on why she is attempting suicide at regular intervals. (Briere, n.d.). There are so many challenges for Jane that she is unable to express so the second test I would use would be the House Tree Person Test because it may bring out reference to her "true" sexual orientation as well as other challenges that are affecting her now (Fredman and Sherman, p. 20). This test is usually used on children but I get the impression that Jane is "child-like" in her approach to life and since it may be difficult for her to respond within the therapy session verbally, tests that have her drawing or making up stories would be best. Currently Jane is already a possible danger to herself. If she continues the way she is going a psychiatric evaluation may be necessary. Although she is on medication it does not seem to be doing well for her and this may also be part of the reason why she is having problems with suicidal tendencies. Much of her problem may be due to her sexual orientation and the inability to express what she is feeling. Her relationship with Susan was a positive one for her and had it is not clear whether she had episodes of cutting herself while she was with Susan. According to Suzuki and Ponterotto, a thorough multicultural assessment should be done which would give another piece of information about this client. Because her case is so volatile, there may come a time when she is showing symptoms of psychosis though she is not showing them now. In this case, Jane would be better served by a psychiatrist. In the event that I needed to make a

Economics essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Economics - Essay Example Fortunately, Economists are getting their due importance in policy making. It's economists who shout both in praise and against all policy decisions of different countries. And at least in a few cases, they themselves get divided in ideas and concepts. Regarding certain policies a group of economists come up with words and swords against another group of economists. Each group depends upon different theories at different times. Basically they keep in mind their own basic view and proceed. For giving stress to their views, depend on theories according to their convenience, that's all. Economics is supposed to act in such a way to wipe out tear from all the human eyes in the world. It should address the issues of poverty, famine and basic needs. All the theories may be different in ways of action but aim the same target: bring prosperity to human race. From theories to application - here starts the real game. Economists have made so many jargons familiar to the common man. But what's the end result Did it take us anywhere they planned or predicted This question stands as a very big unanswered question before mankind, especially these days. In the initial years of the new millennium what the Economic World has been experiencing was boom, boom and boom. The IT boom, banking boom, insurance boom, etc. could be cited as shining examples. Predictions also were aplenty. It was pointed out that the IT boom will stand for many more years. According to economists, banking and insurance were also going to record a trajectory of growth. Many reasons were given numbered one by one to substantiate their point of view. Banking habit is not developed among a large number of people. And an attempt was started by governments of various countries to bring more citizens of theirs to banks. Different packages were announced including zero balance accounts and any time money withdrawal facility. Similarly, it was observed that major chunk of the population remain outside insurance net. Studies were conducted which revealed that there are countries which have only upto a mere 10% of their population keeping insurance policies. Based on the se sorts of observations and statistics, so many new economic concepts were introduced by economists. Since the economists were having crucial role in policy making, their views and beliefs turned out to be policies. Political leaderships were depending much on economists in planning future. Since they themselves were ignorant of economic concepts, believed blindly what was advised. There are cases where enough studies were not conducted or even common sense was applied before reaching in far reaching policy decisions. And such policies affected the concerned economy very badly also. Offshoring of jobs is a typical example. Kathy Sanborn writes: In an article by Paul Craig Roberts ("How the Economy Was Lost"), he explains how the offshoring of jobs helped to create a lower tax base for American communities. Because US workers could no longer keep their IT and software engineering jobs due to 1) offshoring and 2) foreign workers coming in on H-1b work visas, our highly trained technical workers' salaries plunged. In addition, corporations began a mass exodus of manufacturing jobs

Tsarist Regime Essay Example for Free

Tsarist Regime Essay How successful was opposition to the tsarist regime between 1861 and 1881 in achieving its aims? There was a great deal of opposition to the tsarist regime between 1861 and 1881 and many were successful. The opposition came from the liberal minded intelligentsia who were determined to change what they believed to be outmoded and inhibiting Russian ways. The Populists, who aimed to win over the peasantry to their socialist ideas by stirring up their resentment of the Tsarist Autocracy. Although there were very few intelligentsia, their size and influence grew in the 1970s due to the development of the law courts, as a result of reform. These courts produced an unexpected crop of professionally trained lawyers, who were ready to question and challenge Russian autocratic practices. They were determined to change what they believed to be outmoded and inhibiting Russian ways. Some of the younger generation, who were influenced by the Nihilists, wanted to sweep away everything from the past so a new society could be born. The St Petersburg Zemstvo almost immediately demanded a central body to co-ordinate the regional zemstva, but the tsar disagreed with the proposal. However, the increase in repression from 1866 onwards only increased the zemstva demands for constitutional change and heightened student idealism and determination. This shows that they were successful in challenging the tsar even when he stood firm against the proposal and they were able to put pressure on for change. This ideology was thereafter aimed to persuade the peasants and fuel their resentment towards the Russian autocracy by the Populists. Sergei Nechyev, a radical of peasant extraction inspired a circle of young revolutionaries, the â€Å"Chaikovsky circle†, which produced many pamphlets and smuggled in books officially banned in Russia. This, in turn, led Pyotr Lavrov to lead a group of around 2000 young men and women, mainly from the nobility and intelligentsia in 1874 and â€Å"go to the people†. They became known as the Populists. The populists aimed to win over the peasantry to their socialist ideas, by stirring up their resentment against the lack of land and the heavy tax burden they still carried, despite emancipation. They believed that the future of Russia depended on land redistribution and the development of the peasant commune. The movement did succeed in carrying out some assassinations – General Mezemstev, head of the Third section in 1878, as was Prince Kropotkin. What worried the authorities in particular was the public sympathy won by such assassins and the way they seemed able to escape  with popular support. There were even some talks between the Zemstva and the Populists to try to place more pressure on the Autocracy for constitutional reform. This shows that they were successful in gaining support from the public for their actions. However, both the populists and the Intelligentsia were not always successful in their opposition to the tsarist regime. The Intelligentsia didn’t really achieve much, especially what they set out to do. Even though they gained some power and ploughed on pressure for constitutional change, they were not able to change the outmoded and inhibiting way of Russia. When the Zemstvo demanded a central body to co-ordinate the regional zemstva, the tsar stood firm against this proposal. They were not able to change the Russian state in anyway and were not granted more individual freedom. Furthermore many of the Populists, who tried to influence and win over the peasantry with their socialist ideas, were arrested in the autumn of 1874, 1600 of the total 2000 to be precise. They tried to dress up and talk like peasants to persuade the villagers of their importance to Russian society. However, the peasants’ ignorance, superstition, prejudice and deep-rooted loyalty to the tsar ensured they were arrested. From this you can see that many peasants were loyal to the tsar and did not believe and want revolution, they were unwilling to accept socialist ideas and challenge the tsarist regime. In conclusion, I believe the opposition was successful in achieving its aims between 1861 and 1881 because the Intelligentsia were able to demand constitutional changes which they could not do before because they lacked knowledge and determination. Moreover, the populists were able to get away with assassinations and this worried the authorities as these assassins gained a lot of public sympathy and escaped due to public support. Even though they struggled, in the end they still achieved some changes and this shows the opposition were successful in achieving their aims against the tsarist regime.